Strands and learning outcomes
The strands, elements and their associated learning outcomes are set out below. While the strand units are numbered, this is for ease of identification and does not imply a hierarchy of approach. The strands themselves are not numbered because it is recognised that in order to acquire language proficiency, one needs to develop communicative competence, plurilingual and pluricultural competence in an integrated way.
This strand encompasses linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences. As indicated earlier, learning outcomes in this strand are organised by the four modes of communication (reception, interaction, production and mediation). In this strand, learners will actively engage in tasks and activities in order to develop their ability to communicate effectively in a wide range of scenarios/contexts/situations.
Students learn about | Students should be able to |
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Reception |
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Interaction |
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Production |
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Mediation |
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In this strand learners will develop their plurilingual and pluricultural competence.
Plurilingualism places value on the linguistic and cultural diversity of learners. Learners’ knowledge of different languages and cultures are not siloed; all knowledge and experiences of languages and cultures interact and contribute to building communicative competence.
Plurilingualism highlights the need for learners to draw on all of their linguistic and cultural resources and experiences in order to more fully participate in social and educational contexts*. This helps them to achieve mutual understanding, to gain access to knowledge and thus further develop their linguistic and cultural repertoire. The aim is not simply to achieve ‘mastery’ in one, two or three languages, each in isolation but rather to ‘develop a linguistic repertory, in which all linguistic abilities have a place’**. Plurilingual comprehension involves, for example, using one’s receptive knowledge in one language to deduce the meaning of texts in another language.
Pluriculturalism describes the use of pluricultural competences in a communicative situation when competences other than language competences come into play***. The various cultures to which a learner has access to do not coexist side by side; they are not mentally compartmentalised. They are compared, contrasted and actively interact to enable the learner to communicate more effectively, for example, taking into consideration differences in behaviours (including gestures, tones and attitudes), discussing over-generalisations and stereotypes****.
* CEFR Companion Volume, Council of Europe, 2018, p. 157.
** CEFR, Council of Europe 2011, Section 1.3, p. 5.
*** Ibid, 53.
**** Ibid, 158.
Students learn about | Students should be able to |
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Plurilingual competence |
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Pluricultural competence: Awareness and understanding of the target language communities and cultures |
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