recall and demonstrate understanding of the fundamental concepts and procedures that underpin each strand

apply the procedures associated with each strand accurately, effectively, and appropriately

recognise that equality is a relationship in which two mathematical expressions have the same value 

represent a mathematical situation in a variety of different ways, including: numerically, algebraically, graphically, physically, in words; and to interpret, analyse, and compare such representations

make connections within and between strands.

make connections between mathematics and the real world.

make sense of a given problem, and if necessary mathematise a situation

apply their knowledge and skills to solve a problem, including decomposing it into manageable parts and/or simplifying it using appropriate assumptions

interpret their solution to a problem in terms of the original question.

evaluate different possible solutions to a problem, including evaluating the reasonableness of the solutions, and exploring possible improvements and/or limitations of the solutions (if any)

generate general mathematical statements or conjectures based on specific instances

generate and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs

communicate mathematics effectively: justify their reasoning, interpret their results, explain their conclusions, and use the language and notation of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely

investigate the representation of numbers and arithmetic operations so that they can:

perform the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and understand the relationship between these operations and the properties: commutative, associative and distributive in N, Z, and Q (and in R \ Q, including operating on surds) 

explore numbers written as a^b (in index form) so that they can:

calculate and interpret factors (including the highest common factor), multiples (including the lowest common multiple), and prime numbers

present numerical answers to the degree of accuracy specified, for example, correct to the nearest hundred, to two decimal places, or to three significant figures

convert the number p in decimal form to the form a ×10ⁿ, where 1 ≤ a < 10, n ∈ ℤ, p ∈ ℚ, and p ≥ 1 (and 0 < p < 1)

investigate equivalent representations of rational numbers so that they can:

flexibly convert between fractions, decimals, and percentages 

use and understand ratio and proportion

solve money-related problems including those involving bills, VAT, profit or loss, % profit or loss (on the cost price), cost price, selling price, compound interest for not more than 3 years, income tax (standard rate only), net pay (including other deductions of specified amounts), value for money calculations and judgements, mark up (profit as a % of cost price), margin (profit as a % of selling price), compound interest, income tax and net pay (including other deductions)

investigate situations involving proportionality so that they can:

use absolute and relative comparison where appropriate 

solve problems involving proportionality including those involving currency conversion and those involving average speed, distance, and time

analyse numerical patterns in different ways, including making out tables and graphs, and continue such patterns

explore the concept of a set so that they can:

understand the concept of a set as a well-defined collection of elements, and that set equality is a relationship where two sets have the same elements 

define sets by listing their elements, if finite (including in a 2-set or 3-set Venn diagram), or by generating rules that define them

use and understand suitable set notation and terminology, including null set, Ø, subset, complement, element, ∈, universal set, cardinal number, #,  intersection, ^, union, U, set difference, \ , ℕ, ℤ, ℚ, ℝ, and ℝ\ℚ

perform the operations of intersection and union on 2 sets and on 3 sets, set difference, and complement, including the use of brackets to define the order of operations

investigate whether the set operations of intersection, union, and difference are commutative and/or associative

calculate, interpret, and apply units of measure and time

investigate 2D shapes and 3D solids so that they can:

draw and interpret scaled diagrams

draw and interpret nets of rectangular solids, prisms (polygonal bases), cylinders

find the perimeter and area of plane figures made from combinations of discs, triangles, and rectangles, including relevant operations involving pi

find the volume of rectangular solids, cylinders, triangular-based prisms, spheres, and combinations of these, including relevant operations involving pi

find the surface area and curved surface area (as appropriate) of rectangular solids, cylinders, triangular-based prisms, spheres, and combinations of these

investigate the concept of proof through their engagement with geometry so that they can:

perform constructions 1 to 15 in Geometry for Post-Primary School Mathematics (constructions 3 and 7 at HL only)

recall and use the concepts, axioms, theorems, corollaries and converses, specified in Geometry for Post-Primary School Mathematics (section 9 for OL and section 10 for HL)
  i.) axioms 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
  ii.) theorems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15 and 11, 12, 19, and appropriate converses, including relevant      operations involving square roots
  iii.) corollaries 3, 4 and 1, 2, 5 and appropriate converses

use and explain the terms: theorem, proof, axiom, corollary, converse, and implies

create and evaluate proofs of geometrical propositions

display understanding of the proofs of theorems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, and 13, 19; and of corollaries 3, 4, and 1, 2, 5 (full formal proofs are not examinable)

evaluate and use trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, and tan, defined in terms of right-angled triangles) and their inverses, involving angles between 0° and 90° at integer values and in decimal form

investigate properties of points, lines and line segments in the co-ordinate plane so that they can:

find and interpret: distance, midpoint, slope, point of intersection, and slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines

draw graphs of line segments and interpret such graphs in context, including discussing the rate of change (slope) and the y intercept

find and interpret the equation of a line in the form 

y = mx + c;  y – y1 = m(x – x1); and ax + by + c = 0 (for a, b, c, m, x1, y1 ∈ ℚ);

including finding the slope, the y intercept, and other points on the line

investigate transformations of simple objects so that they can:

recognise and draw the image of points and objects under translation, central symmetry, axial symmetry, and rotation

draw the axes of symmetry in shapes

investigate patterns and relationships (linear, quadratic, doubling and tripling) in number, spatial patterns and real-world phenomena involving change so that they can:

represent these patterns and relationships in tables and graphs

generate a generalised expression for linear (and quadratic) patterns in words and algebraic expressions and fluently convert between each representation

categorise patterns as linear, non-linear, quadratic, and exponential (doubling and tripling) using their defining characteristics as they appear in the different representations 

investigate situations in which letters stand for quantities that are variable so that they can:

generate and interpret expressions in which letters stand for numbers

find the value of expressions given the value of the variables

use the concept of equality to generate and interpret equations

investigate situations in which letters stand for quantities that are variable so that they can:

add, subtract and simplify
i.linear expressions in one or more variables with coefficients in ℚ
ii. quadratic expressions in one variable with coefficients in ℤ
iii. expressions of the form a / (bx + c), where a, b, c ∈ ℤ

multiply expressions of the form
i.  a (bx + cy + d);  a (bx² + cx + d);  and ax (bx² + cx + d), where a, b, c, d ∈ ℤ
ii.  (ax + b) (cx + d) and  (ax + b) (cx² + dx + e), where a, b, c, d, e ∈ ℤ

divide quadratic and cubic expressions by linear expressions, where all coefficients are integers and there is no remainder

flexibly convert between the factorised and expanded forms of algebraic expressions of the form:

 i.) axy, where a ∈ ℤ

 ii.)  axy + byz, where a, b ∈ ℤ

 iii.)  sx – ty + tx – sy, where s, t ∈ ℤ

 iv.) dx² + bx;  x² + bx + c;  (and  ax² + bx + c), where b, c, d ∈ ℤ and a ∈ ℕ

 v.) x² – a² (and a² x2 – b² y²), where a, b ∈ ℕ

select and use suitable strategies (graphic, numeric, algebraic, trial and improvement, working backwards) for finding solutions to:

linear equations in one variable with coefficients in ℚ and solutions in ℤ or in ℚ

quadratic equations in one variable with coefficients and solutions in ℤ or coefficients in ℚ and solutions in ℝ

simultaneous linear equations in two variables with coefficients and solutions in ℤ or in ℚ

linear inequalities in one variable of the form g(x) < k , and graph the solution sets on the number line for x ∈ ℕ, ℤ, and ℝ

generate quadratic equations given integer roots

apply the relationship between operations and an understanding of the order of operations including brackets and exponents to change the subject of a formula

investigate functions so that they can:

demonstrate understanding of the concept of a function 

 represent and interpret functions in different ways—graphically (for x ∈ ℕ, ℤ, and ℝ, [continuous functions only], as appropriate), diagrammatically, in words, and algebraically—using the language and notation of functions (domain, range, co-domain, f(x) = , f :x ↦, and y =) (drawing the graph of a function given its algebraic expression is limited to linear and quadratic functions at OL)

use graphical methods to find and interpret approximate solutions of equations such as f(x) = g(x)

and approximate solution sets of inequalities such as f(x) < g(x)

make connections between the shape of a graph and the story of a phenomenon, including identifying and interpreting maximum and minimum points

investigate the outcomes of experiments so that they can:

generate a sample space for an experiment in a systematic way, including tree diagrams for successive events and two-way tables for independent events

use the fundamental principle of counting to solve authentic problems 

investigate random events so that they can:

demonstrate understanding that probability is a measure on a scale of 0-1 of how likely an event (including an everyday event) is to occur 

use the principle that, in the case of equally likely outcomes, the probability of an event is given by the number of outcomes of interest divided by the total number of outcomes

use relative frequency as an estimate of the probability of an event, given experimental data, and recognise that increasing the number of times an experiment is repeated generally leads to progressively better estimates of its theoretical probability

carry out a statistical investigation which includes the ability to:

generate a statistical question 

plan and implement a method to generate and/or source unbiased, representative data, and present this data in a frequency table

classify data (categorical, numerical) 

select, draw and interpret appropriate graphical displays of univariate data, including pie charts, bar charts, line plots, histograms (equal intervals), ordered stem and leaf plots, and ordered back-to-back stem and leaf plots

select, calculate and interpret appropriate summary statistics to describe aspects of univariate data. Central tendency: mean (including of a grouped frequency distribution), median, mode. Variability: range 

evaluate the effectiveness of different graphical displays in representing data

discuss misconceptions and misuses of statistics

discuss the assumptions and limitations of conclusions drawn from sample data or graphical/numerical summaries of data